1
زیست شناسی::
مسیر پیام رسانی
(B) The upper half of the schematic shows the spatial domains where various signaling pathways operate, all of which appear to function downstream of canonical Wnt signaling.
Despite the seemingly simple distal outgrowth that typifies fin regeneration, the molecular regulation of this process is highly complex and involves all major signaling pathways known to play roles during embryonic development.
We will focus on just one here, the Wnt/p-catenin signaling pathway, which appears to be the first "domino" that begins to reveal the regenerative pattern of fin rays (comprehensively reviewed in Wehner and Weidinger 2015).
These are the genes encoding (1) DNA repair enzymes, (2) proteins of the insulin signaling pathway, (3) proteins in the mTORCl signaling pathway (a cascade that regulates translation), and (4) chromatin remodeling enzymes.
The pathway that regulates both dauer larva formation and longevity has been identified as the insulin signaling pathway (Kimura et al. 1997; Guarente and Kenyon 2000; Gerisch et al. 2001; Pierce et al. 2001).
واژگان شبکه مترجمین ایران
2
عمومی::
مسیر سیگنالینگ | مسیر پیامرسانی
In contrast, Osaka et al. 2007 used a wound model (full- thickness murine wounds) to study signaling pathways and macrophage activation during subsequent hair growth (Osaka et al.
This signaling pathway activates the transcription factor, NF-κB, which leads to expression of pro-inflammatory genes.
In humans, the binding of hemoglobin and haptoglobin significantly increases endocytosis of hemoglobin and activation of downstream signaling pathways.
In cell culture, GM- CSF induces macrophages to produce more pro-inflammatory factors (TNF, IL-23) and less anti-inflammatory factors (IL-10) compared to baseline levels, however, LPS and IFN-γ are often used as more potent M1-stimuli that activate different signaling pathways (Lacey et al.
A potential explanation of the pro-wound healing effect of GM-CSF in vivo vs. its perceived pro-inflammatory role in vitro is that, within the complex chronic wound environment, which contains several interacting cell types and signaling pathways, an intermediate macrophage phenotype is formed.
واژگان شبکه مترجمین ایران